Assessment of site effects in the Kathmandu valley, Nepal, during the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha earthquake sequence using 1D and 2D numerical modelling

The paper reports on the results of 1D and 2D site response analyses carried out in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, in order to investigate how site effects influenced the seismic response during the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha earthquake sequence. The mainshock and a Mw 6.6 aftershock, for which recordings at both rock and soil sites are available, were considered. First, ID analyses were carried out for the Pulchowk soft soil site, where a borehole was drilled. The shear wave velocity profile was defined using several 2D seismic array surveys carried out in the valley and constrained by noise measurements at Pulchowk site; the nonlinear soil behavior was characterized by means of cyclic simple shear tests carried out on undisturbed soil samples. Both equivalent and nonlinear approaches were adopted in the ID analyses. Overall, the ID model was capable to capture some relevant features shown by mainshock recordings such as the de-amplification of medium-to-high frequencies. On the contrary, the unusual high spectral amplification at long periods (3-6 s) recorded during the mainshock was better captured by the 2D finite element analyses carried out on a 20 km-large cross section of the entire valley, thus supporting the hypothesis of the occurrence of basin effects. The paper contributes to the understanding of site effects in Kathmandu Valley for the implementation of seismic risk mitigation strategies in the area.