The search for life beyond earth through fuzzy expert systems.

Autonomy will play a key role in future science-driven, tier-scalable robotic planetary reconnaissance to extremely challenging (by
existing means), locales on Mars and elsewhere that have the potential to yield significant geological and possibly exobiologic
information. The full-scale and optimal deployment of the agents employed by tier-scalable architectures requires the design,
implementation, and integration of an intelligent reconnaissance system. Such a system should be designed to enable fully automated and
comprehensive characterization of an operational area, as well as to integrate existing information with acquired, ‘‘in transit’’ spatial and
temporal sensor data, to identify and home in on prime candidate locales. These may include locales with the greatest potential of
containing life.
Founded on the premise that water and energy are key to life, we have designed a fuzzy system that can (1) acquire the appropriate
past/present water/energy indicators while the tier-scalable mission architecture is deployed (first layer), and (2) evaluate habitability
through a specialized fuzzy knowledge-base of the water and energy information (second layer) acquired in (1). The system has been
tested through hypothetical deployments at two hypothesized regions on Mars. The fuzzy-based expert’s simulation results corroborate
the same conclusions provided by the human expert, and thus highlight the system’s potential capability to effectively and autonomously
reason as an interdisciplinary scientist in the quest for life. While the approach is demonstrated for Mars, the methodology is general
enough to be extended to other planetary bodies. It can be readily modified and updated as our interdisciplinary understanding of
planetary environments improves. We believe this work represents a foundational step toward implementing higher-level intelligence in
robotic, tier-scalable planetary reconnaissance within and beyond the solar system.