The multi-states (MuSt) theory for emotion- and action-regulation in sports

Feeling states - including emotional experiences - are fundamental to human adaptation, as they influence effort, attention, decision making, memory, and behavioural responses of individuals, as well as their interpersonal interactions. Thus, the ability to self-regulate is crucial for athletic success. This chapter presents the multi-states (MuSt) theory as a holistic approach for both emotion- and action-centred self-regulation for performance enhancement and optimization. Central to the MuSt theory is the notion that a combination of emotion- and action-regulation strategies is more effective than focusing on one aspect alone. In this chapter we describe psychobiosocial feeling states and core action components—the most relevant components of functional performance—as the targets for self-regulation. We then present guidelines for the identification, prediction, and regulation of optimal and dysfunctional psychobiosocial feeling states and core action components. Finally, we discuss avenues for future research and practical implications.