Novel Applications of Microextraction Techniques Focused on Biological and Forensic Analyses

In recent years, major attention has been focused on microextraction procedures that allows high recovery of target analytes, regardless of the complexity of the sample matrices. The most used techniques included liquid liquid extraction (LLE), solid phase extraction (SPE), solid phase micro extraction (SPME), dispersive liquid liquid micro-extraction (DLLME), microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS), and fabric phase sorp-tive extraction (FPSE). These techniques manifest a rapid development of sample preparation techniques in different field, such as biological, environmental, food sci-ences, natural products, forensic medicine, and toxicology. Mostly in biological and forensic fields, where a wide variety of drugs with different chemical properties were analyzed, the sample preparation is required to make the sample suitable for the in-strumental analysis, that often include gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chroma-tography (LC) coupled with mass detectors or tandem mass detectors (MS/MS). In this review, we have focused our attention on biological and forensic application of these innovative procedures, highlighting the major advantages and results that have been accomplished in laboratory and clinical practice.