Determination of sustainable energy mix to ensure energy security in Italy amidst Russian-Ukraine crises

Energy security has become an important topic, especially after the recent Russian-Ukraine conflict. Amongst the European Union (EU) nations, Italy in particular has been the most affected by such energy crises. To address such a concern, this study aims to determine a sustainable energy mix for Italy to ensure affordable, clean, and reliable energy in the country. The existing energy mix consisting of seven energy alternatives are evaluated based on the metrics of technological, socio-political, economic, and environmental aspects. A fuzzy quantitative strategic decision-making approach known as the Fuzzy Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat (F-SWOT) tool is employed to materialize this goal. In the SWOT matrix, hydro and biopower have been placed in the first quadrant showcasing strengths and opportunities for its development in Italy. Moreover, solar and wind power have been placed in the second quadrant both showcasing considerable opportunities for its development, however face a few weaknesses as well. Moreover, geothermal and coal power have been placed in the third quadrant, both showcasing weaknesses and threats to the energy security of the country. Lastly, natural gas in the fourth quadrant showcases strengths but poses a substantial threat to the energy security of the country.