Minimally Invasive Techniques in Posterior Atlanto-Axial Fixation: State of the Art and Systematic Review

Background: The atlanto-axial segment is highly mobile and, therefore, prone to instability in the setting of inflammatory disease, infection, tumor or trauma. While minimally invasive surgical (MIS) techniques have gained acceptance in the thoracolumbar spine due to their advantages over traditional approaches, their use at the atlanto-axial segment is controversial due to the surgical risk associated with its complex anatomy. To evaluate the current evidence on MIS atlanto-axial fixation, we carried out a systematic review of the literature and compared the reported results with those of open procedures. Methods: This systematic review follows PRISMA-DTA 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive search was conducted in November 2023 across PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar and clinicaltrials.gov using specific keywords related to minimally invasive atlanto-axial fixation. Data regarding study characteristics, patient demographics, surgical techniques, and outcomes were extracted from included studies. Results: This systematic review included 13 articles reporting on the results of surgery in 305 patients, in whom a total of 683 screws were inserted through a posterior MIS approach. N = 162 screws were inserted using the Harms–Goel technique, while N = 521 were placed using the Magerl technique. N = 40 screws were inserted using navigation guidance, while N = 643 were introduced with fluoroscopy assistance. Eight screws were misplaced. A Vertebral Artery (VA) injury was reported in three patients. With a mean value of 26.2 ± 15.3 months, the rate of fusion ranged between 80% and 100%. Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of MIS for posterior atlanto-axial fixation, which was achieved using Magerl transarticular screws in a large majority of cases. Despite technical challenges, MIS approaches appear to achieve satisfactory clinical and radiological outcomes with complication rates similar to those of open techniques. Future studies may help refine the indications for MIS and identify those cases better suited for open approaches.