Preserving Esthetics: Interventional Radiotherapy (Brachytherapy) as a Potential Alternative to Surgery for Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Midface

Background/Objectives: High-dose-rate (HDR) interventional radiotherapy (IRT) represents a valuable treatment alternative for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the midface, especially in the presence of esthetic or functional issues related to surgery. This retrospective study examines the clinical outcomes of patients who underwent HDR-IRT at our institution. Methods: Patients (pts) with histologically confirmed midface BCC were treated with HDR-IRT using superficial, interstitial, or endocavitary implants depending on tumor characteristics. Fractionation regimens were tailored to tumor location: 45 Gy in 9 fractions twice a day (the cheeks/lips) and 44 Gy in 14 fractions (the nose, with the first and last fractions delivering 4 Gy each, administered once daily, and the remaining 12 fractions delivering 3 Gy each, administered twice daily (BID) with an inter-fraction interval of at least 6 h). Treatment efficacy was assessed based on local control rates, toxicity (CTCAE criteria), and cosmetic outcomes. Results: Eight patients were considered. The most common tumor site was the nose (seven patients, 87.5%), followed by the upper lip. Tumors were either primary (three patients, 37.5%) or residual/recurrent after previous surgery with involved margins (five patients, 62.5%). The median follow-up was 6 months (range: 1–19 months). Clinical local control was achieved in all cases, with persistent alteration at dermoscopy in one patient six months after the completion of treatment. Acute toxicities were minimal, with two patients developing grade 3 skin toxicity, which resolved within 1–3 months with topical management. Cosmetic outcomes were favorable across all patients. Conclusions: HDR-IRT is a well-tolerated, effective, and cosmetically favorable treatment for midface BCC. Our institutional experience supports its use as an alternative to surgery in cosmetically sensitive areas and in selected patients/lesions unfit for surgery. Endocavitary implants appear to be an effective option to cover the full thickness nasal wall without resorting to interstitial implants.