Novel NSAID-derived drugs for the potential treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been suggested for the potential treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Prolonged use of NSAIDs, however, produces gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. To overcome this serious limitation, the aim of this study was to develop novel NSAID-derived drug conjugates (Anti-inflammatory-Lipoyl derivatives, AL4–9) that preserve the beneficial effects of NSAIDS without causing GI problems. As such, we conjugated selected well-known NSAIDs, such as (S)-naproxen and (R)-flurbiprofen, with (R)--lipoic acid (LA) through alkylene diamine linkers. The selection of the antioxidant LA was based on the proposed role of oxidative stress in the development and/or progression of AD. Our exploratory studies revealed that AL7 containing the diaminoethylene linker between (R)-flurbiprofen and LA had the most favorable chemical and in vitro enzymatic stability profiles among the synthesized compounds. Upon pretreatment, this compound exhibited excellent antioxidant activity in phorbol 12-miristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated U937 cells (lymphoblast lung from human) and A(25–35)-treated THP-1 cells (leukemic monocytes). Furthermore, AL7 also modulated the expression of COX-2, IL-1 and TNF- in these cell lines, suggesting anti-inflammatory activity. Taken together, AL7 has emerged as a potential lead worthy of further characterization and testing in suitable in vivo models of AD.